Understanding Medical Bills and How to Pay Them

Medical bills can appear complicated, especially if you're unfamiliar with certain medical terminology or the codes used by medical professionals to describe their care and determine billing.

Most medical bills, however, contain the same information and follow a pattern that you can learn to recognize. They include a wealth of information about your health as well as the costs of your care.

This article explains the common elements of a medical bill and how you can check to see if charges are accurate and appropriate. It offers information about your rights and responsibilities when paying for care, as well as how to get help with medical bills if needed.

1

Compare Your Medical Bill to Other Documents

A look at a basic medical bill.
All medical bills have the same basic information on them. Trisha Torrey

There are three pieces of paperwork you'll need to compare.

  1. The list of services performed. This may be handed to you when you leave the healthcare provider's office or testing site.
  2. The bill the healthcare provider or health facility sends you. It is a list of the services from #1 above, and the charges for each service. That bill is addressed in this article.
  3. The explanation of benefits (EOB) which comes from your payer (insurer, Medicare, or other payer).

Among the three pieces of paper, you'll find terminology and codes that will help you be sure you are being billed only for the services that were performed. For example, a "lipid panel" is a blood test to check your cholesterol level.

The key here will be to line up these services with the paperwork you were given when you left the healthcare provider's office and to be sure you actually received these services.

Your medical bill may or may not look like this sample bill, but it will have similar pieces of information. You'll see everything from dates of service to the services provided to costs on your bill.

Difference Between the EOB and a Medical Bill

The explanation of benefits (EOB) is a document provided by your healthcare insurance provider that details the services received, their cost, and the amounts that both the insurance company and you will pay. The bill itself comes from the provider and typically lists what you are responsible for paying out of pocket.

2

Know What's on Your Medical Bill

Check the services provided on your doctor's bill.
Services are listed on your doctor's bill. You can look them up. Trisha Torrey

Your healthcare provider's bill will list the services provided to you. It also will provide other information, including:

  • Name and address. This will include the specific person receiving care when insurance covers more than one person, or a family.
  • Account number. This number is a useful tool for tracking charges and payments to your account, and to identify you when talking with a provider's billing office.
  • Statement date
  • Provider information. This includes the name of your healthcare provider and the facility where services were received. Sometimes, these can result in more than one bill (for example, charges for a procedure, but also for the facility where it was done).
  • Date or dates for when services were performed 
  • Current procedural terminology (CPT) codes, used in a standardized system for healthcare services and billing
  • Diagnostic codes and service descriptions (what your healthcare provider did)
  • Costs of services. There may be several numbers that reflect total cost, adjusted charges, what your insurance paid, and amounts still due or that you already paid.
  • How to pay the bill. The bill includes instructions on how to pay by mail, phone, or online. There may be information about what to do if you cannot pay what's due.

If any services seem unusual to you, or if you question whether you received them, then contact the phone number provided on the bill. You don't want to pay (or you don't want your insurance to pay) for any services you did not receive.

Mistakes on bills cost money, whether the mistakes are intentional or not. The Department of Justice reported more than $2.68 billion in settlements and judgments under the False Claims Act in the 2023 fiscal year. Of that, $1.8 billion involved the health care industry and money billed to federal programs, including Medicare, for hospital charges, lab tests, and more.

Your bill may include a patient number, identifying who received services when more than one person is covered by the same insurance provider. It also may carry a code for the provider, where more than one person is a part of the same medical practice.

3

Understand the Description of Services on Your Medical Bill

Charges on a medical bill

Lisa Bodvar/Getty Images

Your medical bill will include a description of services but it isn't always easy to understand. You can ask for help understanding what the terms mean, or look them up online if you feel able to do the research yourself.

These services will describe lab tests (as above) and more. Keep in mind that while you may have experienced a simple procedure in a healthcare provider office, there may be a number of factors to consider when reading the bill. They can include the location, any equipment used, any sedation or anesthesia needed, and lab work.

4

Check the CPT Codes

The CPT codes on your bill should be identical to the service listed.
The CPT codes on your bill should be identical to the service listed. Trisha Torrey

On your healthcare provider's bill, you'll see a five-digit code that represents the current procedural terminology code (CPT) code. CPT codes represent all the services that medical providers may have completed.

On your medical bill, you'll find the CPT codes aligned with the services. Whatever the service title is will be similar, if not exactly the same, as the American Medical Association's (AMA) designation for that service.

What Is a CPT Code Search?

If you want to look up the CPT codes to make sure they are the same as the service listing, you can do so with a CPT code search. There are a number of resources for doing so, including the AMA site as well as updated lists from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes, Level I, are identical to CPT codes.

5

Check the ICD Diagnostic Codes

You'll get some clues about what the doctor is thinking.
Diagnostic codes (ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes) will give you clues about what you have been tested for. Trisha Torrey

Diagnostic Codes, also called ICD-11 codes (previous versions include ICD-10 and ICD-9), typically will be listed on your medical bill. The diagnostic code is needed to ensure accuracy as well as payment by your insurance company.

In some cases, there will be several diagnostic codes used, as there are in this example. That indicates the healthcare provider is ruling out causes to arrive at a diagnosis and usually represents the reasons for any tests.

Why would you want to look up the ICD codes? If you have visited your healthcare provider with symptoms and are unsure about your diagnosis, you might get some clues from these codes.

If the codes don't make any sense to you, if you know you don't have the problems listed, then it could indicate you have received the wrong bill, or that fraud is involved in some way, including the possibility of medical identity theft. Contact your provider's office immediately for clarification.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers an online tool to help you look up an ICD code for more information about what it means.

6

Understand How Much You Owe

Pricing is also found on a medical bill, no matter who is responsible for paying it.
Pricing is also available on the bill, whether you will be paying it or your insurer or other payer will. Trisha Torrey

Your medical bills will list the amount your healthcare provider charges for a service, often on an adjusted basis in agreement with your insurance company's contract.

It lists the amount the insurance company pays, and the balance that remains due to your deductible, a co-pay, or other reason for your responsibility.

Most people can check to see what an insurance company has paid fairly easily. You can typically go online, where claims processing is listed, to check the status of any bill. You also can speak to the insurance provider and/or the healthcare provider.

A CPT search typically will show you the Medicare reimbursement for a service, and insurance company payments are comparable in terms of what a reasonable cost is. But they're not exact, so get the information from your provider if possible.

7

Options for Paying Your Bill

Woman paying bills on a laptop at home.

JGI/Jamie Grill

When you receive your bill from a medical provider, it includes options for paying the bill. In most cases, you can pay online using a credit card or (less often) a direct debit from one of your accounts. You also can pay by telephone.

Most people won't need to go to the provider office for bill payment, but it usually is something you can do (for example, if you have an upcoming appointment and prefer to pay in person). And you can typically still pay by mailing a check, too.

Be sure to check for credits already paid; it's common for a co-pay to be covered at the time service was provided, and your bill should reflect that payment. Printouts of your prescription costs can help you keep track of pharmacy expenditures as well.

Many people find they need a payment plan or other arrangements for a bill they can't pay in full. Talk to your practitioner, hospital, or other provider about options for paying your bill or, in some cases, even having some of the costs lowered.

8

Get Help Paying Medical Bill Costs

patient advocate helping man understand medical bill

 Dean Mitchell / E+ / Getty Images

You may need help paying medical bills, or even determining that the bills are correct and a Medicare or insurance provider's denial is appropriate. You want to be clear about your rights for a review and an appeal, if needed.

Keep in mind that certain legal protections, like those found in the 2022 No Surprises Act, mean you can't be billed for higher out-of-network charges in an emergency. Check and see if any of the act's protections will apply.

Don't hesitate to ask for help. The Affordable Care Act requires certain nonprofit hospitals to have mechanisms in place to lower costs or provide them for free when people need help and charity care is appropriate.

You also can look for assistance from drug companies, veteran assistance programs, and other sources. The provider may be willing to negotiate with you, too, to lower the overall cost or provide an interest-free loan for the care expenses.

Medical Billing Advocates

Some people may benefit from working with a medical billing advocate. The advocate is a professional trained to negotiate medical bills when an insurer has denied your claim or a provider seeks payment on high-cost bills. They typically charge for their services, sometimes as a percentage of medical expenses they successfully helped to reduce.

Summary

Most people will see a medical bill eventually, and it helps to understand the information found in the bills from your provider. This can include basic data, like your name and the date of service, as well as more complicated codes assigned on the basis of the services you received and the reasons for them.

Learning to read your bills can help to ensure you are charged fairly for medical care. It also can help you to understand when a charge needs to be challenged, an appeal filed with your insurance company, or why you may need to negotiate the costs with your provider.

7 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Department of Justice. False Claims Act Settlements and Judgments Exceed $2.68 Billion in Fiscal Year 2023.

  2. Hirsch JA, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Nicola GN, Barr RM, Bello JA, Donovan WD, et al. Current procedural terminology; a primer. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015 Apr;7(4):309-12. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011156. 

  3. American Medical Association. CPT Codes.

  4. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. List of CPT/HCPCS Codes.

  5. Harrison JE, Weber S, Jakob R, Chute CG. ICD-11: an international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021 Nov 9;21(Suppl 6):206. doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6.

  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics ICD-10-CM.

  7. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. What should I do if I can’t pay a medical bill?

By Trisha Torrey
 Trisha Torrey is a patient empowerment and advocacy consultant. She has written several books about patient advocacy and how to best navigate the healthcare system.